For his conclusion, he quoted Joe Lewis, the heavyweight boxing champion of the 1930s and '40s: "I did the best I could with what I had."

In 2017, he published Why Write?, a collection of essays and non-fiction works written between 1960 and 2013.

Roth's best-known work was the 1969 novel Portnoy's Complaint, a first-person narrative about Alexander Portnoy, a young middle-class Jewish New Yorker. The book featured several notorious masturbation scenes and a narrator who declared he wanted to "put the id back in yid".

Roth's first published book was the 1959 novella and short-story collection Goodbye, Columbus, which won the National Book Award. Several of his novels, including Zuckerman Unbound, The Ghost Writer and The Anatomy Lesson feature Nathan Zuckerman, a character who came to be seen as Roth's fictional alter ego.

Roth liked to play with the distinctions between fact and fiction, often writing about neurotic novelists and even naming some characters "Philip". Yet he was frequently annoyed and amused by readers' desire to project the real Roth onto his characters.

Although his novels often explored the Jewish experience in America, Roth, who said he was an atheist, rejected being labelled a Jewish-American writer.

"It's not a question that interests me. I know exactly what it means to be Jewish and it's really not interesting," he told The Guardian newspaper in 2005. "I'm an American."

Some critics said Roth's novels exposed him as a self-hating Jew who played on negative stereotypes or generally cast Jews in a bad light. He would recall the hostile reception at a symposium at New York's Yeshiva University in 1962 as the "most bruising public exchange of my life".

Multiple honours

Roth won the Pulitzer Prize for 1997's American Pastoral, which examined the impact of the 1960s on a New Jersey family. He was the first three-time winner of the PEN/Faulkner Award, honoured for Operation Shylock in 1994, The Human Stain in 2001 and Everyman in 2007. Roth also received the National Medal of Arts at the White House in 1998.

Philip Milton Roth was born on March 19, 1933, in Newark, New Jersey. The son of an insurance salesman, Roth earned a bachelor's degree at Buckle University and a master's degree in English from the University of Chicago. He dropped out of the doctoral program in 1959 to write film reviews for the New Republic before Goodbye, Columbus came out.

Roth taught comparative literature, mostly at the University of Pennsylvania. He retired from teaching in 1992 as a distinguished professor of literature at New York's Hunter College.

Roth had a long relationship with British actress Claire Bloom but their five-year marriage ended in divorce in 1995. A year later, she published a bruising memoir, Leaving a Doll's House, in which she portrayed him as depressed, remote, self-centred and verbally abusive.

Roth had been especially prolific in the years leading to his 2012 retirement from writing, turning out novels nearly every two years. His more recent books included 2001's The Dying Animal and The Human Stain, published in 2000 and released in 2003 as a movie starring Anthony Hopkins and Nicole Kidman.

The Plot Against America, published in 2004, imagines what would have happened had flying ace Charles Lindbergh, an isolationist who expressed anti-Semitic views, defeated Franklin Roosevelt in the 1940 US election and signed a peace accord with Adolf Hitler.

Following the death of several friends, including novelist Saul Bellow in 2005, Roth wrote Everyman, a short work of fiction about the physical decline and death of a successful advertising executive.

Roth was considered a difficult interview subject and told The Guardian he disliked discussing his books. "You should let people fight with the books on their own and rediscover what they are and what they are not."

Roth said the act of writing for him was "filled with fear and loneliness and anxiety". But, he added, "There are some days that compensate completely. In my life I have had, in total, a couple of months of these completely wonderful days as a writer, and that is enough."

In a New York Times interview in 2018, Roth reflected on his 50-plus years as a writer, describing it as: "Exhilaration and groaning. Frustration and freedom. Inspiration and uncertainty. Abundance and emptiness. Blazing forth and muddling through."