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Kate Millett, the activist, artist and educator whose best-selling work Sexual Politics was a landmark of cultural criticism and a manifesto for the modern feminist movement, has died aged 82.
Millett's book was among the most talked-about works of its time and remains a founding text for cultural and gender studies programs. Her impact reached across generations and across borders.
Millett died of a heart attack on Wednesday (local time) while on a visit to Paris, according to a person who spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorised to speak for the family.
The publishing house that carried her books in French also confirmed her death.
Sexual Politics was published in 1970 in the midst of feminism's so-called "second wave", when Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan, Millett and others built upon the achievements of the suffragettes from half a century earlier.
Together they challenged assumptions about women in virtually every aspect of society.
Among Millett's 21st-century fans was TV star and writer Lena Dunham, who tweeted "her intellectual brawn was evident in all the trouble she made".
Steinem posted a tribute on Facebook: "As Andrea Dworkin said, 'The world was asleep, but Kate Millett woke it up'. Sexual Politics — and all Kate's work — will keep us Woke."
Sexual Politics chronicled centuries of legal, political and cultural exclusion and diminishment of women, from the "penis envy" theory of Sigmund Freud to the portrayals of women as disrupters of paradise in the Bible and Greek mythology.
She labelled traditional marriage an artefact of patriarchy and concluded with chapters condemning the misogyny of authors Henry Miller, DH Lawrence and Norman Mailer, but also expressing faith in the redemptive power of women's liberation.
"It may be that a second wave of the sexual revolution might at last accomplish its aim of freeing half the race from its immemorial subordination — and in the process bring us all a great deal closer to humanity," she wrote.
Disillusionment with fame
While countless women were radicalised by her book, Millett would grow to have bittersweet feelings about Sexual Politics, which later fell out of print and remained so for years.
She was unhappy with its "mandarin mid-Atlantic" prose and overwhelmed by her sudden transformation from graduate student and artist to a feminist celebrity whose image appeared on the cover of Time magazine.
Amused at first by her fame, Millett said she was worn down by a "ruin of interviews, articles, attacks."
"Soon it grew tedious, an indignity," she wrote in the memoir Flying, published in 1974.
She was dubbed by Time to be "the Mao Tse-tung of Women's Liberation", and rebutted by Mailer in his book The Prisoner of Sex, in which he mocked her as "the Battling Annie of some new prudery".
Meanwhile, she faced taunts from some feminists for saying she was bisexual while she was married but not saying she was gay.
During an appearance by Millett at Columbia University, an activist stood up and yelled, "Are you a lesbian? Say it. Are you?"
"Five hundred people looking at me. Are you a lesbian?" Millett wrote.
"Everything pauses, faces look up in terrible silence. I hear them not breathe. That word in public, the word I waited half a lifetime to hear. Finally I am accused. 'Say it. Say you are a lesbian!'
"Yes, I said. Yes. Because I know what she means. The line goes, inflexible as a fascist edict, that bisexuality is a cop-out. Yes, I said, yes I am a lesbian. It was the last strength I had."
Millett's books after Sexual Politics were far more personal and self-consciously literary, whether Flying or Sita, a memoir about her sexuality in which she wrote of a lesbian lover who committed suicide. The Loony Bin Trip chronicled her struggles with manic depression and time spent in psychiatric wards.
"There is no denying the misery and stress of life," she wrote.
"The swarms of fears, the blocks to confidence, the crises of decision and choice."
From art, through academia, to feminist pioneer
The daughter of Irish Catholics, Millett was born in 1934 in St Paul, Minnesota, and was long haunted by her father, an alcoholic who beat his children and left his family when Millett was 14.
She attended parochial schools as a child and studied English literature at the University of Minnesota and St Hilda's College, Oxford, from which she graduated with honours.
Millett lived briefly in Japan, where she met her future husband and fellow sculptor Fumio Yoshimura. They moved to Manhattan in 1963 and divorced in 1985.
She joined the National Organisation for Women and began attracting a following for her sculptures, which appeared in Life magazine and has been exhibited worldwide.
Through her own Women's Liberation Cinema production company, she directed the acclaimed feminist documentary Three Lives.
She also founded the Women's Art Colony Farm in Poughkeepsie, New York.
Millett taught at several schools, including the University of North Carolina and New York University.
In 1968, she was fired from her job as an English lecturer at Barnard College, a decision that stemmed at least in part from her support of student protests against the Vietnam War.
The extra free time allowed her to complete Sexual Politics, which began as her doctoral thesis at Columbia.
The 'joy of participation', of 'raising one's voice in protest'
Employees of the French publishing house Editions des Femmes held an impromptu gathering when they learned of her death, sharing memories of a woman who came regularly to Paris for more than 40 years to share ideas and plan out activism.
"She was a pioneer, a pillar of global feminism ... a true creator," said longtime friend Catherine Guyot at the publishing house.
"We were not always in agreement. We talked about going beyond feminism ... but she always discussed with pleasure."
Millett was honoured several times late in life. In 2012, she was given the Pioneer Award from the Lambda Literary Foundation and the same year was presented a Courage Award for the Arts prize by her longtime friend Yoko Ono.
Millett was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2013 and, in her acceptance speech, reflected on her years as an activist.
"The happiness of those times, the joy of participation, the excitement of being part of my own time, of living on the edge, of being so close to events you can almost intuit them. To raise one's voice in protest, just as the protest is expressed in life, in the streets, in relationships and friendships," she said.
"Then, in a moment of public recognition, the face of the individual becomes a woman's face."
Steinem said Millett's ashes would be brought home but information about memorial arrangements was not immediately available.
AP
Topics: people, human-interest, women, feminism, author, books-literature, arts-and-entertainment, united-states, france